Gary Duncan: Economic View
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The euro is growing up. Next month, the European Central Bank, the single currency's guardian, will mark its tenth anniversary. Soon after, in January, the euro itself will turn ten.
For the euro's enthusiasts, this is a moment of both vindication and celebration. The still-youthful euro, once ridiculed as a “toilet currency”, is, in many senses, now thriving.
The painful political birth pangs of monetary union are a fading memory; the euro's faltering early steps as its value plunged during its first two years have given way to its present, muscular strength; and in the foreign reserves of the world, the euro now stands second only to the once unassailable dollar.
Most crucially of all for the euro's proponents, the economy of the 15-nation eurozone is so far proving remarkably resilient in the face of the global credit crunch.
Whereas once the US economy's mocking call to its transatlantic challenger was “catch us if you can”, in the first quarter America slowed to the brink of stagnation while the eurozone notched up a healthy 0.7 per cent expansion.
At the eurozone's heart, Germany raced ahead with a stellar growth spurt that saw its GDP jump 1.5 per cent.
The eurozone's leaders should savour this comforting moment of economic Schadenfreude while they still can.
Even as the euro notches up its tenth year, there are increasingly danger signals that its 11th will usher in a troubling period of growing pains for Europe's monetary union.
The first of these looming problems is that although, until now, the eurozone seems to have demonstrated a surprising degree of immunity to the credit-crunch sickness, a catalogue of symptoms is emerging to indicate that it will soon succumb to this scourge.
Last week, surveys showed that growth across its services sector is close to stalling, with manufacturing also on course for stagnation.
More critical than the impending weakening of the eurozone's recovery is that this downturn seems destined to aggravate the fundamental problems of economic divergence that have beset the bloc since its creation.
It was clear from the start, a decade ago, that the disparate group of 12 founding economies slammed together in the single currency area could hardly have been more disparate.
At the time of the euro's conception, there were widespread warnings that the participants were far too dissimilar to be effectively steered with the single interest rate that a single currency requires.
Ten years on, and the critics have been vindicated, in spades. Claims that monetary union would bring member states into alignment have proved misplaced; economic convergence remains elusive. Instead, the “one-size-fits-all” interest rate policy of the ECB has turned out to mean “one-size-fits-none” - or almost none, at least.
This regime has entrenched, rather than eroded, the eurozone's deep economic faultlines. For much of the past decade, fast-expanding peripheral economies such as Spain and Portugal have run much too hot, with inflationary booms; others, especially Germany, have spent most of this time as laggards, running far too cold, and at times enduring near-deflationary conditions. Few eurozone members have seen policy set “just right”.
The consequence is that perilous imbalances have built up that now threaten to spark severe economic strains, and to inflame already simmering political stresses, as the credit crunch hits some parts of the eurozone much more viciously than others and triggers a reversal of fortunes for its members.
In Spain, which entered the euro as a relatively poor cousin, a run of rapid growth during a protracted period of catch-up is about to hit the buffers.
While Spain has prospered during this long boom, inappropriately low euro interest rates - made still lower in real terms by relatively high national inflation - have fostered a house price bubble that is now bursting with brutal repercussions.
At the same time, as David Owen, of Dresdner Kleinwort, notes, Spanish companies have plunged deep into the red, borrowing heavily to cash in on the boom, and swelling Spain's current account deficit to startling proportions as they suck in foreign capital.
All of this threatens a punishing adjustment as these imbalances unwind. Yet the ECB's ability to respond looks set to be hampered by the radically contrasting fortunes of Germany.
Its years of sub-par growth since the single currency's inception catalysed a drastic shakeout that has made it leaner, meaner, and more competitive.
In contrast to their heavily indebted Spanish rivals, German companies, as Mr Owen notes, are in a robust financial state with an overall surplus that will leave them well placed to weather the gathering storm as the credit crunch makes capital tough to raise.
Once again, then, the ECB faces being pulled in diametrically opposite directions by conflicting economic trends in key eurozone economies. As it battles to reconcile these forces, it seems inevitable that its continued struggle will ignite yet further tensions over economic management among Europe's leaders.
Already, the ECB is facing persistent, aggressive sniping from Nicolas Sarkozy and Silvio Berlusconi, the populist leaders of France and Italy.
With Spain skidding towards recession, they could well soon be joined in a powerful “axis of discontent” by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, Spain's Prime Minister. Yet Angela Merkel, the German Chancellor, is likely to keep up her staunch defence of the Frankfurt-based central bank.
The stage, then, is set for renewed political and economic strife among the single currency's members. The euro has survived its troubled childhood better than many critics predicted, but the decade until its coming of age looks likely to be just as testing as the ten years before.
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There is another angle to this not mentioned here, which is that the Euro has acted as an enabler for massive trade deficits in Europe's weaker economies. While we in the UK worry about a 4% trade deficit, Spain, Greece and Portugal all have 10-15%, which they could never have outside the Euro.
jon livesey, Sunnyvale, CA/USA
There is an argument that the Euro cannot break up but it's not exactly a welcome one. If Italy, for example, broke away and returned to a weaker Lira, that would boost its exports. But much of its debt is in Euros now, so it would exchange increased exports for a massive increase in debt.
jon livesey, Sunnyvale, CA/USA
The euro is a success.
It is a big currency there are plenty of euro's.
Without it Germany, France and the Netherlands would be stuck with small high value currencies.
The weak economies hold down the Euro and give the big economies an export advantage.
The EU is a high price to pay for success.
john, woodbridge,
The US had a surprise GDP boost just before the SHTF.
Germany's surprise GDP boost is very much the same, a big increase in inventory across the board.
As always, the US is just 18 months ahead of the world.
The Euro zone is about to suffer the blow that broke the ERM and the other currency unions
Dominic, Manchester, UK
On Spain.
30% of Spanish GDP is residential construction. That will dry up, and thats depression territory.
For comparison,. 10% of US GDP was residential construction, look at how hard the US has been hit now thats dried up
Dominic, Manchester, UK
Economists try to rationalise ,but many people in Europe make the euro attractive because it represents stability compared to the situation before.Look at the former Yugoslav Republics the Euro is the defacto currency. Economists have great difficulty in dealing with psychological factors.
Nigel Brazier, Cambridge,
When will people realise that the Euro was introduced for other countries to conform to the German economic cycle? The Spanish and Irish experiences are that it hasn't worked as both countries were unable to combat inflation when they most needed to and now have huge property bubbles as a result.
Paul, Coventry.,
Britain will soon adopt the euro currency as its value reaches par with the euro. The british pound is being manipulated down to achieve this. Once the pound and the euro reach par the public will accept the euro.
Jim Wills, Brisbane, Australia
And how about the pound - it has been loosing so many tests since the 1970s yet nobody takes note.
Fred Caprivi, Manchester,
Andrew
Of course you are missing something. If your economy is weak you need low interest rates and a currency that is not surging. The UK has outperformed every other major EU country in GDP per capita growth over the last five years partly because it is not in the Eurozone.
Nick, London,
The Euro has been fortunate in that no recessions have struck for its first ten years. Its first real test is only just beginning.
Tapestry, Manila, Philippines
The Times forecasted in the 90s' that the euro would never exist. Since 1999, it has repeated that its days were numbered. The same people, who have showed so much prescience in the past, are now forseeing its imminent demise. Are they not tired of being always right?
Frederic Dodin, Cambridge, UK
michael , cahersiveen-adams town, madness
No; he is saying that some economies have been more prudent than others.
Morvan, Saulieu, France
There are two questions here. Everyone is going have a tough time in the next decade, so does a currency union help or hurt? If you look at past currency unions, they were usually founded in good times, and came apart in harsher times. That suggests economies need flexibility in currencies.
jon livesey, Sunnyvale, CA/USA
The Republic of Ireland is a great example of how successful the Euro has been - NOT! ECB rates were held too low for too long, with the consequence of a huge property bubble fueled by easy credit resulting in a national debt which, per head of population, is even greater than that of the UK.
Paul, Coventry,
"Ten years on, and the critics have been vindicated, in spades."
In those ten years the euro has risen by a third against the dollar and by 12% against sterling.
Am I missing something?
Andrew, London (but temporarily away),
Although being firmly against the EU and the euro, as an economist I say the euro has been better managed than e g the dollar. Every German chancellor knows she/he wouldn't survive a deliberately weakened euro a la dollar, therefore the EU Latin bloc incl. France may soon create its own currency.
Joerg, Berlin,
Has anyone noted that firstly Spain has a huge budget surplus, which the UK has not. Whereas the UK has borrowed 2.7 million pounds to get out a tax mess. Spain actually has a E20 million surplus. Look at our own economy before we actually criticise others! Spain just announced growth of .7% Q1!!
Robert, Henley, UK
David Hammory only sees the mediterranean countries as 'touristic destinations'. Pity that Spain has many other important industries (agriculture is just one), Italy has food, fashion, etc.
Paolo, london, uk
Dave in Liverpool, Spain is not the only country on the Med.
Whislt Spain is favourite for Brits, the rest of Europe also goes to the Med, so they don't really need you folks that bad.
So when the Pound is worth less than a Euro and starts hitting the pocket, will you still cling to it?
Brian, London, UK
I quite agree that Spain did overheat as a consequence of the ECB trying to prod the German's out of the doldrums. They were too slow to act. Managing the needs of everybody is a difficult task. The UK has proved expertly that dousing the fire of one economy and one currency is too much for them.
Kevin Ripton, Frankfurt, Germany
The UK hasn't done too well with over lax monetary policy, fueling an unsustainable consumer boom. We are largely to blame for exporting property speculation to Spain and similar areas. At least the Euro has removed the money changers who inflict added cost on trade and tourism.
Stephen Marchant, Broadhempston, UK
.... Europe needs a strong euro and the UK needs to be a part of that. In a global world smaller currencies, like sterling, will be hammered by speculators and feasted upon by the global rich.
Stephen Marchant, Broadhempston, UK
The 'mediteranean' economies are poised to fall off a cliff, with tourism declining with the rising flight costs and the squeeze on potential holidaymakers. There is very little to replace tourism here. There will be some mind blowing bargains in Spanish villas on offer next year.
David Nammory, Liverpool,
Well written analytical piece.
The economical differences between Germanic and Latin Europe are not new. The Euro has, however, made those differences smaller. It's a long process with some growing pains, but there is no need to panic yet at all.
Erik, the Hague, Netherlands
in simple terms are you saying one economy is based on cheap labour ans another is based on the rampid housing maketand personnel debt.
michael , cahersiveen-adams town, madness