Every year the average UK citizen produces about 10 tonnes of carbon dioxide —
enough to fill two Olympic swimming pools.
If we do nothing, global average temperatures are forecast to rise by as much
as 6.4 degrees C (11.5F) by 2100. The last time we had a 5-degree
temperature swing (downwards) the world was locked into the Ice Age.
As the world heats up, rising sea levels and stronger storms will swamp
coastlines and extinguish species and could trigger the worst global
depression since the 1930s.
You can make a difference and it will save you money. Carbon dieting is not
that hard. Acting now to stabilise atmospheric C02 would only cost around 1
per cent of global GDP.
For every pound spent now, say government economists, we would save a fiver in
the future.
Individual dietary choices really add up. For example, transporting a single
punnet (225g) of New Zealand strawberries to your fridge generates as much
CO2 as 11 school runs. Leaving a 100W lightbulb on for a mere half-hour
would fill a party balloon. Burning one gallon of petrol releases up to 10kg
of the stuff. But walking or cycling is carbon-free.
There is only one solution to our CO2 weight problem: a low carbon diet. And
the blueprint is right here in your hands.
Download and print-out this pdf. of your
carbon weight calculator
KITCHEN
Refresh the fridge and freezer
Defrost and keep coils dust free. Dirt increases energy use by up to 30 per
cent. Cool and cover foods before storing. Replace damaged door seals — they
let the heat in.
Fridge on its last legs? Replace with an A+ or A++ rated appliance.
C = carbon saved per year
£ = money saved per year
C 180kg, £ £45 a year if you replace old fridge-freezer
with A+ or A++ rated
Rest the tumble dryer
C 156kg, £ £37 a year if you run the drying half as often
C 311kg, £ £74 a year if you mothball it
Bin the old boiler
If your boiler is more than 15 years old, bin it. By law you must replace it
with an A or B rated appliance, which means a high-efficiency condensing
boiler. This little dynamo will reduce heating-related CO2 emissions by
15-20 per cent. Even if your boiler’s still young, consider trading it in.
You’ll shell out upfront, but long term you’ll save.
C 1 tonne (1,000kg) a year
£ £100 a year off your gas bill after paying back the purchase
cost
FYI: If every UK home had a condensing boiler, CO2 emissions would fall
by 17.5 million tonnes a year and household energy bills by £1.3 billion.
Bypass the bin
Imagine not being able to chuck anything out for a week and watching the food
and packaging waste piling up on your nice kitchen floor. Now hold that
thought, start recycling all glass, paper, cardboard, cans and plastic and
avoid buying overpackaged food that needs a bodybuilder to wrestle it open.
If you have a garden, try composting all that food waste.
C 420kg a year for recycling paper, plastics cardboard, glass and cans
C 280kg a year for composting food/garden waste
SITTING ROOM
Train yourself to turn off those little lights twinkling on your hibernating
TV, DVD player, computer or hi-fi. Make yourself some SWITCH ME OFF stickers
to label different appliances as a reminder.
C 153kg £ £37 a year
FYI: 7 in 10: the number of Britons who admitted to leaving electrical
devices on standby in an Energy Savings Trust Poll.
BEDROOMS
Pile extra blankets on the bed, get out those PJs and turn the heating off at
night. During the day, turn your thermostat down by 1 degree C and shed some
serious carbon weight.
C 300kg £ £50 a year
Curtains
Yet another hi-tech solution. Open them in the morning to allow sunlight to
warm the room and close again when it gets dark to keep heat.
BATHROOM
Lose less from the loo
Loos are the biggest single water guzzler in the house. Fitting a Save-a-flush
(a bag of harmless crystals) in your cistern costs only £1.20 and saves up
to 1 litre a flush or nearly 2,000 litres per person a year (www.save-a-flush.co.uk).
If yours is an old-fashioned inefficient loo, use a bigger Hippo (cost £1.32)
and save up to 5,000 litres a year (www.hippo-the-watersave.co.uk).
C 0.58kg for every 2000 litres saved; 1.45kg for every 5000 litres
saved
£ 3 per cent off your water bill with Save-a-flush; 9 per cent off
with a Hippo
Choose the shower
An average bath uses 80 litres (16 buckets) of water, a five-minute shower
only 35 litres. It’s also easier to share a shower.
C 200kg if you fit a low-flow shower head (family of four)
ATTIC
It may be dirty and dusty up there, but insulating your leaky attic is a huge
carbon calorie saver. Plus, it’s cheap and easy enough to do yourself.
The more insulation you put in, the less heat is lost. Building regulations
for new homes require a minimum of 250mm (10 inches). Leave gaps around the
eaves to avoid causing condensation.
C 1.5 tonnes (1500kg) a year £ £180-£220 a year
BASEMENT, HALL OR LANDING
Coddle your hot water tank
Find out where it is and treat it to a nice, thick insulating jacket. While
you’re there, check the water temperature setting — it should be no higher
than 60C.
C 150kg a year when you fit a jacket on the tank; 145 kg a year when
you turn the hot water tank down to 60 degrees C
£ £20 a year in reduced bills if you fit an insulating jacket
IN EVERY ROOM
Seeing the light
Replace your conventional bulbs with energy-saving compact fluorescent lamps.
Start in the entrance hall or landing — wherever lights are left on for a
long time. They cost more than conventional bulbs (about £6 each) but use 75
per cent less electricity and last eight times longer.
C 40kg a year if you replace just one bulb £ £7 a year per
bulb replaced (savings on electricity bill minus the cost of bulb)
KEEPING THE HEAT IN
Draughts
Carry a lit stick of incense or a cigarette slowly around your house. Wherever
smoke blows horizontally you’ve spotted a draught. Fireplaces are the most
likely sources, as well as window and door frames, letterboxes and cat
flaps.
Next, draught-proof your home by plugging up cold air sources with compression
and wiper seals from a DIY store. Leave kitchen and bathroom windows alone
to minimise condensation.
C 140kg a year £ £20 a year (less cost of seals in the
first year)
Radiators
Slide aluminium foil behind any radiators fitted to outside walls to keep heat
in the room. Ordinary foil will do, or you can buy specially designed
panels. Consider fitting thermostatic radiator valves (around £6 each) which
control the heat level on individual radiators. Do you really want them on
in unoccupied rooms, pumping out CO2?
C 51kg £ £7 a year for foil
C 110kg £ £15 a year for valves (after initial investment)
Windows
If you don’t have double-glazing, think about it. Start with the rooms that
cost most to heat. Choose new windows with the “energy saving recommended”
logo. A budget alternative is to fit secondary glazing.
C 680kg £ £90 a year (after initial investment)
Floors
Fill those whistling gaps between old floorboards or the floor and the
skirting board with commercial sealant. Or try papier mâché. It could bring
out the artist in you.
C 120kg £ £10-20 a year.
SET A WEIGHT LOSS TARGET
To keep yourself on track, you may want to set a monthly or annual slimming
target. Take your pick:
UK average CO2 total in 2005: 10.4 tonnes*
UK government target for 2010: 8.32 tonnes*
UK government target for 2050: 4.16 tonnes*
World average CO2 consumption: 3.8 tonnes*
* per capita
TIPS FOR CALCULATING YOUR CARBON WEIGHT
- For gas and electricity bills you need the total annual consumption figure
in kWh — don’t worry about different pricing bands
- If your car is more than three years old, your two most recent annual MOT
certificates will state the total number of miles you’ve driven in the car.
To work out your annual mileage, take the figure in your most recent MOT
certificate and deduct the mileage total on the previous certificate.
- Calculate door-to-door distances in the UK on the Driving Directions page of www.viamichelin.com
The Low Carbon Diet (Short Books), published on May 3, is
available at £11.69 (RRP £12.99) from Times BooksFirst on 0870 1608080. timesonline.co.uk/booksfirstbuy
It says about anergy saving bulbs are areound £7 a bulb this is wildly over priced morrissons often do energy saving bulbs 2 for 99p!!! and these are the equivilent to 60 and 100 watt ones so you wont be left with dull lighting. And people that have a bad veiw of these bulbs try them, they have come on a lot in the last couple of years they turn on much faster and are much brighter!
Luke, pontefract, England
Guys, just do nothing. Just make sure the Americas do not feel threatened as the scramble for Fuel and water starts in real earnest. I believe the calculations are that we need to loose about 4 billion people worldwide, and that has never happended through war. BUT bad Nuclear polution (itchy fingered USA) would set the recovery back probably to the extinction of humanity. Hence make sure they have more than enough fuel and food.
The crunch ecological is probably unavoidable, and will probably take the unlikely form of something like this: a little too hot or say too much polution for bee production, (some parts of the world are already down 50%) and bees pollinate most food staples. = mass starvation....worldwide. The rise in really severe weather variations will eventually ruin things like survivability in cities, power grids, internet, etc. but not in time to severely reduce world population. Most forested countries are cutting down forests as quickly as possible. That should help
kevin, Launceston , tasmania
I really liked this approach to the carbon footprint and carbon use.
For those of you who're interested in the electrical energy efficiency aspects of the subject, you should look at
http://wattwatt.com/. It's a community website set up to deal with comments, questions and suggestions on every aspect of electricity, its production and use.
We can't live without electricity, so perhaps, if enough of us get together, we can find a responsible way to make use of the ressources we have. That includes using the wind, waves, sun and developing more efficient fuel cells.
Philippa Martin-King, Lausanne, Switzerland
You left out one of the most important aspects of how to lower greenhouse gas emissions!
Producing one pound of beef is responsible for as many nasty emissions and other pollutants as driving an average car for an hour and a half and wastes enough energy to power a 100-watt bulb for ten days, according to a recent Japanese study. And those calculations don’t even take into account the effect of vast amounts of fertilizing substances released, farm infrastructure management, land degradation and water scarcity, so the total environmental toll is actually much, much higher.
The global meat industry generates 18% of greenhouse gas emissions, according to a United Nations report. Most of those emissions come from the nitrous oxide in manure and the methane from the animals' digestive systems. I’m told methane has a warming effect that is 23 times that of carbon, while nitrous oxide is 296 times as great.
When we think about the human population and its staggering, exponential growth, we think mainly about numbers of humans. But as we increase in number, we have to add in everything linked with us, including the animals we raise for “food.†Our humongous footprint on the earth comprises roughly 50 billion animals, including 1.5 billion cattle and domestic buffalo and 1.7 billion sheep and goats which use 30% of the land surface of the planet, according to the study. This land, once wildlife habitat, will be expanded for grazing land due to our insatiable demand for more meat. Not only are more forests and other sensitive ground destroyed forever; an essential carbon dioxide sink is also lost. But all these statistics just scratch the surface of the U.N. report, “Livestock’s Long Shadow.â€
Eileen Stark, Portland, Oregon
Whatever you may think about Wal-mart( !!!) they and our local electricity company offered three of the energy saving light bulbs in a package for $2. You would think it was the dime movies again!! Everybody loaded up. These are the 60 watt ones, which fit almost everywhere. For my reading lamp, I have an LED bulb which is supposed to last 100,000 hours. Yipes. This apartment I have rented has double windows and the temperature seems to be steady, hot or cold days. I almost never turn on heat or air. Cheers!
Miss May, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
It is getting to be a joke this carbon foot print business. Here we are talking about throwing things out and replacing them with new manufactured goods.
What about the extra carbon foot print it is going to take to produce those goods, is it less than say using the boiler until it really needs replacing?
Bulbs compared to the new energy saving bulbs, what about the mercury in those new bulbs, where does it go when the bulb is burnt out.
Water supply running out? Come on, you drink a glass of water your body gets rid of the waste and what it does not need. It goes to the sewer plant, recycled into the river once it is clean, the rivers run to the ocean, heat evaporates the water into the air and rain brings the water to our water supply.
Somehow, this just seems a bit illogical to me, reducing carbon is not as easy as the media and pundits of global warming would like us to believe.
Is this just a scam to get us to buy more product? Sometimes I think so.
Watcher, Vancouver, Canada
Do you not think running a computer for hours on end does more damage than using paper? Keep it simple!
Ollie, Exeter, England
Bin the boiler? It can take 20 years of fuel savings to pay for it - where are the grants to encourage us?
What is the carbon footprint of manufacturing these new appliances compared to using the old machine?
Walk to the shops - burn calories - buy food to replenish energy - but what is the carbon footprint for that food?
Keith Lawson, Poole, Dorset
It is important to take these and other measures, but we really dont know the sum of all these individual atittudes. I think that what is really important is the awareness of the thing and the pressure enforced on the authorities, at different levels, to make plans, and to try other countries to do them, so as to sum up all the efforts. Let´s say if the speed is limited in order to use less fuel, if secure lanes are provided to use bycicles, etc. we would be able to make important differencies.
Raquel GarcÃa Ortúzar, Rosario, Argentina
Some of these are terrible tips which will become bog standard very quickly. Solar panel for myself here.
My own tips:
Boil peas in the same pan as potatoes (obviously not at the same time).
Use the water from the pan after boiling potatoes/peas to fill the gravy jug.
Get a water butt to collect rainwater. This is an ace in the hole when you get hose pipe bans.
If you hate navigating in the dark at night, get a few solar lamps to stick around. These are invaluble in power cuts!
You can also take apart the Solar Lamps to get at the rechargable AA batteries inside. Hey Presto, your own Solar Powered battery recharger too!
If you have a young budding artist who gets though loads of paper in your household, and you have a PC, get a fairly cheap graphics tablet and suitable software, and they can draw to their hearts content on the PC instead of wasting paper. I recommend the Wacom Volito2 personally as it needs no batteries in the pen.
Hope that helps!
Joshua, Essex, UK
save england, dont play rugby against new zealand....better stay home and eat english strawberries and cream, it will be sweeter! Do a little research on the spanish strawberries irrigated from a WWF RESERVE!!!
tracey atchison, kerikeri, new zealand
I would consider myself a typical londoner. I live in a 1 bed flat - living room, bedroom, kitchen. Is there really no more I can do as I already do most of these anyway..
I rent so I can't replace the fridge, boiler etc or deal with drafts etc. I use public transport to get to work as I am not comfortable with cycling in London and walking would take far too long. I use the shower, have a toilet water saver, turn off lights. computers etc.
Thus I have 2 concerns:
1. Government need to pressure landlords to make their properties energy efficient. Especially as a large and growing proportion of properties in London are rented.
2. Recycling in London needs to be made far easier, i.e. with collections from the doorstep and more numerous recyling depots. My nearest is a 15min walk away, although I am willing to make this journey, most wouldn't be.
I find these 'cut down carbon footprint' ideas don't seriously tackle how people renting in a city can make a difference.
Kerr, London, UK
Why not just plant more trees ? They will help clean the air up a bit, shade the earth from the heat build-up and soak up some of the flood waters destined to be a phenomenom of the future. They'll also help to counteract soil erosion which contributes to flodding anyway.
David Jones, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Sublight passes through the atmosphere and strikes objects on the earth's surface. The color of these objects determines how much of the sunlight is converted into heat. Black objects get hotter than white objects. A large percentage of the light that is reflected is able to pass back up through the atmosphere. But the atmosphere traps most of the heat energy. This is the so-called greenhouse effect.
If you want to reduce the earth's temperature, you have to look at three factors: (1) how much light is hitting the earth, (2) how much light is being converted into heat at the earth's surface, and (3) how much of that heat is able to escape.
Limiting CO2 emissions mainly addresses the third factor. The first factor is beyond our control. But the second factor is something we can control to a degree. Everytime we build a new asphalt parking lot, and every time we shingle a roof with black shingles, we are contributing to global warming.
Bob Snyder, Morrisdale, PA
A vegan driving a Hummer contributes significantly less to global warming than a carnivore riding a bicycle.
Be healthier, live longer, save a planet, go vegan.
Phred, wasington, DC
Research your facts better. NZ DOES NOT export srawberries to the UK.
Sue Ikin, Wellington, New Zealand
We are never going to get to grips with the CO2 probem until CO2 generation is taxed directly. It's not difficult to calculate from school chemistry that 1 kg of fossil fuel burnt generates 3.5 kg of CO2. So a direct tax on fuel is all that is needed to bring about the necessary changes in behaviour.
This will mean taxing fuel for road transport, air travel and diesel-based rail transport; and fossil fuel used for electricity generation.
The tax should NOT include domestic electricity because your house emits no CO2 whatever when you use public electricity. The CO2 is emitted at power stations, whose owners have chosen to use fossil fuels. Taxation should be used to influence their choice
At the present $30 per ton price placed on CO2, a small family car would yield about £100 fuel tax on average (depending on mileage), and a "gas guzzler" might pay an extra £200. It can be fiscally neutral via road tax, and it's fair and effective.
Alan Boswell, Chelmsford, UK
It gets more and more confusing ,using a car apparently generates about 0.223 kg co2 per mile but surely if there are 4 people in it then it comes down to 0.055 kg per mile.trains claim 0.083 kg a mile per seat but this allows that only 25% of their power is carbon generated and makes no allowance for the ton per yard of track per year in the steel of the rails .Boeing
claim 0.120 kg a mile for a 747 lr but the 737 can get well below this flying high and fully loaded if you walk the additional co2 is more than this somewhat more efficient cycling you get to 0.05 kg per mile which is better than the train but the same as a fully loaded car maybe you should just sit still its much more carbon efficient!
g p edlin, london, uk
To Roberto and all the skeptics -
I suggest that you try and get hold of a copy of a Horizon programme called 'Global Dimming'. It is the scariest thing that I have seen in a long time. In a nutshell, it explains how pollutants and airoplane trails in the atmosphere are bouncing the sun's radiation back out into space, providing a cooling effect.
This means that the warming that we have experienced so far has been masked by the effect of global dimming, and if this is taken out of the equation (for example, by cutting the pollutants in the atmosphere), then global warming will happen even faster. The only reason that it has not happened more already is because the warming and cooling effects have been in a kind of fragile balance.
This is not an excuse to do nothing - reducing the pollutants must happen, and to avoid a complete catastrophe, we must also reduce greenhouse gases.
Surely it is better to be safe than sorry, better to reduce just in case rather than regret it later!
Josie Drew, Glastonbury,
The international meat industry generates roughly 18% of the worlds greenhouse-gas emissions - even more than transportation - according to a report last year from the U.N.´s Food and Agriculture Organization. Most of that comes from nitrous oxide in manure and methane. Methane has a warming effect 23 times greater than carbon dioxide. There are 1.5 billion cattle on the planet and 1.7 billion sheep and goats. If you switch to vegetarianim you can shrink your carbon footprint by almost 1.4 tons of carbon dioxide a year, according to research by the University of Chicago. Trading a standard car for a hybrid cuts about 1 ton!
(info from Time magazine)
Susannah, London, UK
The calculator used by Climatecare for offsetting air travel carbon emissions underestimates the more realistic figures produced by Atmosfair by about 50%.In fact Climatecare's carbon offsets for air travel are totally unrealistic and should not be used.Ethical Consumer have a good article on this subject.I suggest you read it.
Nigel Woodward, Beaconsfield, England
Humbug.
Global average temperatures are forecast to grow, according to the latest IPCC report, a maximum of 3 degrees until 2100.
And even this is the worst worst case, artificially constructed to create panic and get more money for the third world and useless institutions like the IPCC itself.
I suggest the reading of non biased books like "The skeptical environmentalist" by Mr. Lomborg or the works of world known climatologistst, like eg "Meltdown" and "The satanic gases".
This would help to sty in touch to reality instead of thinking that my basker of strawberries, or your school run, can make a difference between conservation and distruction.
Roberto, LondonSW7,
Ridiculous ! Unlike CO2 from burning fossil fuels, human CO2 cannot accumulate in the atmosphere ?. Why not ? Because every extra person on the planet requires a corresponding extra amount of biomass to support it. Follow that back to the start of the food chain, and what it means is growing more food crops , which in turn removes more C02 from the atmosphere.
Put another way, human beings are part of nature's carbon cycle, in which inputs and outputs of C02 balance each other over a period of time, when everything is factored in.
Admittedly there is one fly in the ointment, namely methane production from rice paddies, or from raising ruminant livestock such as sheep and cows. Methane gas is less easily recycled than C02, and is far more potent than C02 as a greenhouse gas. But with that one proviso, the "low carbon diet" is a misguided exercise, based on a poor appreciation of environmental science.
Colin Berry, Antibes, France
Reading articles like this is profoundly depressing. Like many other people in Britain, especially London, I am a renter. Since I do not own my home most of these suggestions simply do not apply to me. It's not in my landlord's interest to insulate the attic or replace the fridge or boiler, when I am the one who will benefit from reduced power consumption. I can't even replace the light bulbs with low energy versions because the flat has downlights installed. Individual landlords might do something but legislation would be required to fix this problem overall.
Also, since I live in a flat without a garden or even a balcony, I am unable to compost my food waste. I would certainly support it if my council started a food waste collection, along with my garbage and recycling, but this seems a long way off.
Food consumption matters a lot. It's not just about food miles - as Elizabeth says, going vegetarian is one of the best ways to reduce your carbon footprint.
Caitlin, London, UK
Elizabeth has a good point. A typical US diet generates the equivalent of nearly 1.5 tonnes more carbon dioxide per person per year than a vegan diet (from a University of Chicago study). Since a plant-based diet is better as regards land and water use, human health (and animal welfare!), it's surprising it's not urged at every turn.
Emily, Bristol, UK
"Walking or cycling is carbon-free" - no it's not. Human beings "pump out" CO2 just as the internal combustion engine does. The harder they work, the more CO2 they produce, and the more fuel they require to do it - fuel which has to come from somewhere, and for most people that means buying food from a supermarket and transporting it home. Then there are the carbon costs of making and maintaining bicycles or walking boots. Absolutely everything has a carbon cost!
The single biggest method of reducing your carbon contribution to the world is curiously absent from this guide, as it is from most "green" guides. It's this: don't have children (or, at the very least, don't have more than two).
The world is massively over populated, and only a major reduction in the birth rate - co-ordinated at an international governmental level - is really going to "save the planet". All the patronising advice about cycling and loft insulation isn't going to change that fact.
Sam Tana, Preston, England
Does anyone think anymore? Never mind carbon foot prints this is just good economics, essential to living in the modern overpriced world. If society considered living less in excess then perhaps we would have more. Bearing in mind most biological matter on this planet constitutes carbon, then the use of changing diet and consumption of imported food / goods is going to do little in comparison to the affect a decrease in trade will have on the global economy and therefore people’s economic and political stability. If that’s even realistic, something tells me that’s why politicians invented carbon credits. It is yet another power play and more hysteria for an already hysterical world. I wonder how much can be profited from such initiatives? Perhaps cynical, but sensible to consider given the current use of media hype and political spin.
David, London, UK
PS On re-reading your article, I think that I (and possibly others) may have been taken in by the title "The Low Carbon Diet". Diet, in the usual meaning of the term is not mentioned in the list of things to do. "Lifestyle" ought surely to have been the word, not diet.
Colin Berry, Antibes, France
To answer Gerald Joyce, petrol combines with oxygen from the air when burnt. That is why an Imperial gallon of petrol (4.55 litres) with a specific gravity of 0.74 and a weight of 3.37 kg produces about 10 kg of CO2 when burnt. The atomic weight of carbon is 12 and oxygen is 16. Petrol is a mixture of carbon and hydrogen atoms; it contains no oxygen.
Frank, Winchester,
Elizabeth is right. A Uni of Chicago study says that a typical US diet generates the equivalent of nearly 1.5 tonnes of carbon dioxide per person per year more than a vegan diet. It is more environmentally effective to go vegan than to switch to a `hybrid' car, or to replace your car journeys with bus journeys (though those are good moves too of course). As plant-based diets take less land and water to produce than meat based diets, and are better for human health (and animals!), I can't understand why they're not being promoted at every turn.
Emily, Bristol, UK
Gerald joyce. Yes, carbon figures are confusing. The carbon footprint refers to the mass of carbon dioxide. So 12g of carbon(the atomic mass of C is 12 units) produces, on combustion, 44g of carbon dioxide (CO2 is 12g carbon plus 32g of oxygen - O2 has a molecular mass of 32units)
So the mass of carbon dioxide produced by each unit of carbon is 3.66units. Hence 1kg of carbon will end up as 3.66kg of carbon dioxde.
Mark McElroy, Derby, Enland
Burning and Imperial Gallon of Petrol releases 10kg of Carbon? Would someone like to explain that one? I live in the US where a gallon is 128 ounces. A US gallon of water weighs about 8 pounds (less than 4 kilograms). An Imperial Gallon is 160 ounces and would weigh about ten pounds (less than 5 kilograms). How can something that weighs less than 5 kilograms give off 10 kilograms of carbon? It's as if your car were performing the equivalent of Jesus' miracles of the fish and loaves every time you drove it.
Gerald Joyce, Chicago, USA
Why not encourage more people to become partly, or fully vegetarian. I don't know the figures on the carbon savings, but i'm sure it's enormous.
Elizabeth, Reading, Berks
Is this article a joke?
Ken Leyland, Liverpool, U.K.