Nigel Hawkes: Analysis
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Nutrition is the joker among the sciences. None is more important, yet none produces more uncertain or ambiguous conclusions.
Today’s paper in The Lancet on the effect of food additives on children’s behaviour is no exception. Despite attention to detail, the results are confusing. What parents want to know is whether food additives and preservatives are making their children behave badly. To this, the study answers yes – but with important caveats.
Parents also want to know which additives are responsible, and they want to see them removed from foods. To these questions the study does not have answers. Small wonder that the Food Standards Agency has thrown the decision back on to parents, suggesting if they are worried about their children’s behaviour they should consider modifying their diets.
The Southampton team responsible used two cocktails of additives and preservatives, called Mix A and Mix B, in a drink. Both included, per portion, 45 milligrams of sodium benzoate (E211) a preservative widely used in fizzy drinks, jams and fruit juices.
Mix A also included 20mg of three colourants, Sunset Yellow (E110), Carmoisine (E122) and Tartrazine (E102). Mix B had a greater level of colourants (30mg) made up of Sunset Yellow, Carmoisine, Quinoline Yellow (W104) and Allura Red (E129), and was designed to represent what an average child consumes.
The results show that in three-year-olds, Mix A had a significantly adverse effect on behaviour, which was assessed by teachers and parents. But Mix B did not.
In eight to nine-year-olds Mix B had significant effects, but Mix A did not, when all the children were included in the analysis. But if only those children who drank at least 85 per cent of the drinks were included, and for whom there was no missing data, then both Mix A and Mix B had significant effects.
The size of the effect, roughly, was an increase in hyperactivity that represented less than a tenth of that seen in children diagnosed with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder).
The study still does not tell us which additive is responsible, or whether the guilty party is the preservative, sodium benzoate. This matters because while it may be relatively easy to dispense with colourants, preservatives are important to prevent spoiling.
It is important to remember that the effects are on the margin of statistical significance. They are also small when compared with the range of behaviour seen in children. That said, they are in line with earlier studies.
So is this the final proof that food additives cause misbehaviour? Not quite. It demonstrates an association, not cause and effect. However, it is likely to accelerate moves to reduce additives in children’s food further, and to discourage parents from allowing them to eat many of the fast foods frowned on by nutritionists. That is an outcome unlikely to do any harm.
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http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspartameNM/message/1464
Aspartame toxicity was shown in thirteen detailed mainstream research studies in 24 months in work by expert teams in South Africa, England, Italy, Greece, Hungary, and Mexico.
Very little has been publicized in mass print and broadcast media.
Also highly relevant are a study in South Korea that finds levels of methanol similar to those from aspartame drinks cause the hangovers from alcohol drinks, a study in China on Alzheimer's type damage in nerve cells from low dose formaldehyde, and an IARC review by 25 experts that determines formaldehyde to be a human carcinogen.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007 Aug 8; [Epub ahead of print]
Direct and indirect cellular effects of aspartame on the brain.
Humphries P,
Pretorius E,
Naudé H.
[1] Department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
[2] Department of Anatomy, University of the Limpopo, South Africa.
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/aspar
Rich Murray, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
I became aware of the effect of certain food colours and additives on children's behaviour AT LEAST 22 years ago!
On two occasions my baby ,then age 18months, was given custard and jelly by a relative whilst babysitting. Both foods contained artifical colours and flavourings - As a result, on both occasions I was up most of the night with a baby who couldn't rest - the connection was so obvious. From then on I closely monitored what he ate and he grew up not being allowed to eat certain foods and also sweeties e.g. Smarties etc., which then contained artifical colours. He just accepted this and when of reading age used to help inspect the information on the labels!
The public warning is most welcome but this is NOT fresh news! Hopefully this recent research will encourage us all to eat foods as near to a natural state as possible.
Geraldine Dobson, Cpunty durham,
E211 to my mind compromised my son's happy childhood. School found my son difficult and referred us to childrens unit . Luckily our GP was in the same position with her daughter & understood. I modified his diet by elimination, convinced E211 was the culprit. He became violent again, I was devastated, about to go back to square one then spotted Amoxicillin Syrup in the fridge. It contained E211. We worked out a dose of an adult penicillin tablet, broke a portion and I made up a game that involved swallowing a soaked raisin whole as a 'trick'. I hid the portion of tablet in the raisin. Nigh on impossible to get children to swallow anything like that (he was two) but it worked, he became calmer and got better. He went to birthday parties with his own soft drink & I was known as the odd woman with the weird kid but it worked. Just graduated Imperial MSc Biochemistry & starts sponsored PHd at Kings College next month. He jokes "ironic that chemicals have been friend and foe to me!"
kim spickett, new malden, united kingdom
The public tends to think that there are big benefits from eating "healthy" foods. Largely this is illusion. Few British people have severe dietary deficiencies. Whilst there might a few toxic effects from some additives, as the study suggests, we are talking about very minor effects from low doses, not a deadly poison which is causing millions of children to lose control of their emotional responses.
In this case, the results were only barely significant. When there is such obvious potential for a placebo / experimenter effects, how rigorously were the trials controlled?
Malcolm McLean, Bradford, UK
Whether fizzy drink A or B is better for my child, who may be 3-5 and 7-9 years is irrelevant. Further, it's ludicrous to think that I can somehow benefit from any such results, regardless of statistical relevance. Is this going to somehow make the food and drink from the big food and drink --as well as fast-gunk food manufacturers-- more palatable, more wholesome? What should be spelt out to people is that anything that has been processed, or modified--the "frankenstein foods"-- is bad for children, as well as adults. Didn't G Ramsey leave any legacy in this respect in his ongoing mission to revolutionize the thinking of the British public--or--why do will still not get it?
Brown bread, fruit juice, no burgers, and no nuggets. Why is this so difficult?
Tom Hamilton, Tokyo, Japan
Plainly the research is flawed. What assurances can we have that there was no synergistic effects between the additives when administered in the way described. The fact that the results were on the border of statistical significance raises doubts about the headlines appearing in the media. Was there clinically significant differences in behaviour?
I am not an advocate for the food industry, simply one for good science.
Bill Quirke, Derby,
So at last there is a clear statement that processed food with its chemical additives is related to childrens poor behaviour!Thirty years ago my sons poor behaviour was resolved by removing all chemicals and food colours from his diet. From being a poor achiever he went on to achieve scholarships at school and a university degree.
As a former teacher through out thirty years of working in the classroom I helped parents to correct their childrens poor behaviour and performance by improving their diet to one that avoided processed foods. Other colleagues did likewise.
What is new? We have known this fact for years and many generations of children have suffered as a result. The food industry should be held to task for their irrespnsibility!
Nicki Penaluna, Chalais, Charente
This is nothing new, so why all the press coverage now? I was taught in he 1980s that foodl additives were dangerous - specifically the yellowy/orange colouring (at the time) used in drinks like Lilt and 7up. So I have avoided them ever since. I found that drinking Lilt made me feel hyper, soon as I stopped, I was fine.
Wonderkid, London,
Many parents have known this for years, and are to be seen in shops studying labels of potential purchases.
As a consumer I buy the products that are free from artificial colours and additives.
Two of my children have had to avoid any sweets with artificial colourants for many years, but it is difficult to avoid sodium benzoate.
Pushing the onus back on to parents is unjust. Many parents have been behaving responsibly for years on this issue.
The Food Standards Agency should now take definitive action and demand all manufacturers remove artificial colours from their products; and further research should be undertaken into soduim benzoate.
The anti-social behaviour of young children and teenagers is often criticised in the media, so if even a small percentage of that could be caused by additives, action should be taken.
carol bevitt, nottingham, uk
The above E numbers were well known to mothers in the early 1980's. We took our son off these additives and his hiperactivity almost disappeared. The medical profession thought we were being over concerned parents - but they weren't living with him.
We went on to learn that cucumber, green apples/apple juice and carrots also affected his behaviour, we withdrew these and then gradually re-introduced them.
Has it really taken over 20 years to re-discover this? Why is there still doubt about the effects on children of these E numbers?
S-J Hall, Liss, England